The degrees of comparison

In English grammar the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb that describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence. An adjective may simply describe a quality, (the positive); it may compare the quality with that of another of its kind (comparative degree); and it may compare the quality with many or all others (superlative degree). In other languages it may describe a very large degree of a particular quality (in Semitic linguistics, called an elative).

The degree of comparison may be expressed morphologically, or syntactically. In English, for example, most monosyllabic and some disyllabic adjectives have morphological degrees of comparison: green (positive), greener (comparative), greenest (superlative); pretty, prettier, prettiest; while most polysyllabic adjectives use syntax: complex, more complex, most complex.

1. The positive degree is the most basic form of the adjective, positive because it does not relate to any superior or inferior qualities of other things in speech.
2. The comparative degree denotes a greater amount of a quality relative to something else. The phrase “Anna is taller than her father” means that Anna's degree of tallness is greater than her father's degree of tallness.
3. The superlative degree denotes the most, the largest, etc., by which it differs from other things.

Comparison Rate
Quantitative adjective much and little, and many numbers of adjectives and Few, had the highest

Comparison Rate

Quantitative adjective much and little, and many numbers of adjectives and Few, had the highest

comparison (comparison degrees).


The degrees of comparison (comparison level) accounted for three levels, namely:
1. The positive degree (ordinary level)
2. The comparative (more level / ratio)
3. The superlative (lowest level)

1) adjective consisting of one syllable and some disyllabic adjectives can be formed comparative by adding er or r, and the superlative by adding-est or-st.

a) If a positive ending in two consonants or in a single consonant preceded by two vowels, add er and est

Positive

thick
long
short

Comparative

Thicker
longer
Shorter

Superlative

thickest
Longest
Shortest

b) If the positive end in a dead letter dead letter and was preceded by a short vowel, final consonant doubled and then add er and est

Positive

big = large
wet = wet
hot = hot

Comparative

Bigger = more
Wetter = wetter
Hotter = more heat

Superlative

biggest = largest
= wettest wettest
hottest = hottest

c) If the positive end of the letter e, just add r and st

Positive

nice = good
fine = fine
wise = sage

Comparative

be better nicer =
finer = better
wiser wiser =

Superlative

nicest = best
finest = best
wisest wisest =

d) If the positive end of the letter y, and y is preceded by a consonant, y changed to I, then add er and est

Positive

wry = italic
Dry = dry
happy = happy


Comparative

wrier = more oblique
drier drier =
happier = more happy


Superlative

wriest = most crooked
= driest driest
happiest = terbahagia

e) If y is preceded by a vowel, y is not changed to i, but immediately added r and est

Positive

gay = gay
coy = shy
gray = overcast


Comparative

gayer = more cheerful
coyer = more timid
greyer = more cloudy


Superlative

gayest = teriang
coyest = terpemalu
greyest = termendung


f) The adjective consists of two syllables (two syllables) which end Some, ow, le, er, add er and est

Positive

wholesome
narrow
noble
clever


Comparative

wholesomer
narrower
nobler
clever


Superlative

wholesomest
narrowest
noblest
cleverest


2) The adjective of two syllables - two syllables (which sound pressure falls on the initial syllable) or more, added more to form and the most for superlatives comperatives

Positive

= famous famous
useful = useful
beautiful = beautiful


Comparative

more famous
more useful
more beautiful


Superlative

Most Famous
most useful
most beautiful


3) Some adjectives formed with an irregular manner (irregular) for comparatives and superlatives

Positive

fore
bad
ill
evil
good
Hind
late
late
little
much
Nigh
old
old
near


Comparative

former
Worse
Worse
Worse
better
Hinder
later
Latter
less
more
nigher
older
elder
nearer


Superlative

foremost, first worst
worst
worst
best
hindmost
latest
Last
Least
most
nighest, next
oldest
eldest
nearest


Note 1:

a) Former = the first / last; the first one (between two objects).

Example: I prefer the former fabric. I prefer the first fabric

Of the two methods I prefer the former. Between the two methods that I prefer the first

b) Later = the latter

Example: I Will take the later plane. I would like to fly aboard the latter

c) the Latter = the latter / last (in between two objects)

Example: I Will Take The Latter book. I want to buy the last book (in between the two books)

d) Free = the latter / latter until now

Example: What is the latest news of the war? how is the latest news (last) war?

e) Last = last (most recent / efflux)

Example: This is our last opportunity. This is our last chance

Z is the last letter of the alphabet. Z is the last letter of the alphabet

Explanation:

Later means that later or more slowly, pointing to the time

Example: She Came to school later than I. He came to school more slowly than I

Latter refers to the second sequence between two things or things just mentioned

Example: Alexandria and Cairo are large cities; the Latter has a population of over a million.

Alexandria and Cairo is a big city; the latter (ie Cairo) has a population of more than one million people

Latest means the last until now, while the last means the most recent or

efflux.

If we say:

Did you read Mr. Green's latest book? if you read the last book / latest Mr. Green?

This means that Mr. Green may go up again another book.

If we say:

Did you read Mr. Green's last book? if you read the last book Mr. Green?

This means that Mr. Green does not or will not write another book after book

had intended.

Note 2:

a) The Elder also comperative from the old form. Note the difference in the use of elders and older.

Example: John is my elder brother. John is my brother

John is older than Lisa. John is older than Lisa

b) Eldest also superlative form of old. Note the difference in usage eldest and oldest:

She is my eldest daughter. He is the eldest daughter

That is the oldest hotel in the city. That's the oldest hotel in town

Explanation:

Elder and eldest are used on people, and most often used on people in relationships

kinship. While the older and the oldest is used to express age or older or oldest of any people or objects.

4) There are six words adverbs (adverb) in the form of positive degrees, but the adjectives (adj) in the form of comparative and supelative

Positive

fore
far
ins
out
neath
ups

Comparative

further
farther
inner
outer
Nether
upper


Superlative

furthest
farthest
innermost, inmost
uttermost, utmost
nettermost
uppermost


5) The words of certain properties can not be compared

perfect = perfect
unique = unique
= highest supreme
preferable = better
Natural = natural
right = true
wrong = wrong

etc.

POSITIVE Degree (positive rate) is used to indicate that something is the same level. The comparison to something that used the same level as ... as.

Example: Ali is 1.6 meters and 1.6 meters Anwar Is Also.

U.S. is the U.S. Tall Ali Anwar.

This book cost about Rp. 2000, -. That book costs Rp. 2000, -

This book is one the U.S. That Expensive U.S.

Negative form of this comparison are as follows:

Example: Jakarta is not U.S. U.S. WARM Surabaya.

Formula:

dc + + dc positive

no less than + positive +

+ more + positive note than

Example:

This girl is as clever as that '. The daughter is as clever girl

This girl is no less clever than that '. This same daughter with the girl's clever

That girl is not more clever than this. The girl was not more clever than this girl

(Meaning the girl and this girl just smart)

B. Comparative degree is used when two people or things are not the same be said in terms of a particular trait, one more than others. Level of comparison expressed by using the "-er" if that adjective has only one syllable (one Syllable) and in adding the word "than."

Example: Handi is Taller than Anton

A train is faster than a bus

If the adjective ends in le, r, ow, y, then add "-er". If the adjective ends with "y", then changed to "IER."

Example: This problem is Simpler than We Had the one yesterday.

The street in front of my house is narrower than this one.

Comparative degree that use more than one syllable (two or more syllables) used "more." Tribe said he meant beautiful = beau-ti-ful (three syllables); expensive = ex-pen-sive (three syllables), useful = use-ful (two syllables)

Example: TV programs are more interesting than the radio program.

My trousers are more expensive than yours.

Formula:

comparative + than

Example:

Lisa is taller than her sisters. Lisa taller than his sister

Jakarta is Bigger than Singapore. Jakarta, Surabaya is greater than others

NOTE!

Rules untukk two syllables (two syllabels) is more complicated. Some comparative and superlative adjective formed with-er,-est., Some with more, most, others may do both.

Two-Syllable adjectives with-er,-est

1. Adjective ending in-y preceded by a consonant

Example: pretty - prettier, dirty - dirtier, noisy - noisier, happy - happier, unhappy - unhappier

2. Adjective ending in-ple,-ble, and usually-TLE,-dle

Example: Simple - Simpler, noble - nobler, humble - humbler, Subtle - subtler, idle - idler

Two-Syllable adjective with more, most

1. Most of the derivative adjective ending suffix:-OUs,-ish,-ful,-ing,-ed, etc.

Example: more famous, more useful, more childish, more interesting, more Tired

2. Most of the adjective ending in-ct,-nt,-st

Example: more exact, more recent, more honest, more urgent

Two-Syllable adjective with-er,-est or more, most (of the form-er,-est less formal)

1. Adjective ending in-er: cleverer, tenderer, bitterer

2. Adjective ending in-ow: narrower, shallower, mellower

3. Adjective ending in-Some: hansomer, wholesomer, lonesomer

4. Others: an emphasis on first syllable: pleasanter, crueler, quieter, stupider

Emphasis on the second syllable: politer, profounder, remoter, obscurer, sincerer, severer, securer

C. SUPERLATIVE Degree (superlative degree), ie when a person or an object is said to exceed or surpass all other persons or objects that the same sort of thing, we use the superlative degree with the ... of.

When an adjective consisting of one or two syllables, is used by adding "est."

Example: The Wisma Nusantara Building is the tallest building in Jakarta.

An elephant is The Biggest animal nowadays.

When the adjective ends with "y", then the superlative level changes to "iest."

Example: Today is THE happiest day for me. It's my birthday.

I do not know Which is THE heaviest metal.

The adjective is more than two syllables using the "Most."